The technological iteration of anode materials follows a three-dimensional path of "structural innovation - interface control - composite system design". The core aim is to break the capacity ceiling of traditional graphite (372 mAh/g) and resolve the volume expansion issue of silicon-based materials. In 2025, global anode material R&D shows two major trends:
(1)High Capacity: Silicon-based anodes have a theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g. Titanium-based oxides (like TiNbWO) achieve ultra-fast charging performance (103.7 mAh/g at 15 A/g).
(2)High Stability: By using carbon-constrained structures (such as 3D interconnected carbon grid membranes), the cycle life of transition metal oxides (Mn3O4, SnO2) is enhanced to over 300 cycles, with a capacity retention rate exceeding 80%.
(1) Artificial Graphite Upgrades: PTG's "isotropic microcrystalline graphite" uses microwave graphitization to boost graphitization to 96%, increasing the ionic diffusion coefficient three-fold and reducing energy consumption by 40%.
(2) Graphene Grafting Technology:Growing vertical graphene nanosheets (50-80nm) on graphite surfaces enhances rate performance to 5C charging (91% capacity retention) and cuts side reactions by 45%.
Three Generations of Technological Evolution:
(1)Generation Nano-silicon: Physically mixed with graphite, but cycle life is under 500 cycles.
(2)Generation Silica-based Anodes: Initial efficiency is only 75%, rising to 85% after pre-lithiation, yet costs remain high.
(3)Generation CVD Silicon-carbon: Group14 deposits nano-silicon in porous carbon via CVD. Cycle life surpasses 1200 cycles (capacity retention>80%), but mass production is restricted by equipment choices (rotary kiln vs. fluidized bed) and silane safety.
Latest Breakthrough: CATL's Kirin battery adopts a nano-silicon/carbon fiber interpenetrating structure with 25% silicon content. Electrode expansion is capped at 8%, and cycle life reaches 1500 cycles.
(1) Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO): Toshiba's SCiB battery uses Nb-doping to raise conductivity by three orders of magnitude. It achieves 50C rate performance and a cycle life of over 20,000 cycles.
(2) New-type Oxides: A Peking University team develops black tin dioxide (SnO2) nanomaterials. By adjusting oxygen vacancies, they attain a reversible capacity of 1340 mAh/g, with 95% capacity retention after 100 cycles.
A team at Shaanxi University of Science and Technology has developed a shear-phase ternary metal TiNbWO anode. After 4900 cycles at 5 A/g, capacity retention is 80%, and it still offers 103.7 mAh/g at 15 A/g. This provides new options for drones and fast-charging EVs.
The "Spark Lithium Source" team at Central South University has developed a fluorine-modified lithium-carbon composite anode:
(1)An in-situ 3D skeleton suppresses lithium dendrite growth, boosting energy density by 15%-20%.
(2)An artificial SEI film on the surface reduces interfacial impedance to 8 Ω·cm², enabling over 500 cycles. It's used in laptop batteries (1C charge-discharge for 1000 cycles).
In solid-state batteries, Clear Energy uses a 3D copper current collector with an Li₃N artificial SEI film. This raises lithium metal utilization to 98%, breaks the 500 Wh/kg energy density barrier, and achieves a dendrite suppression efficiency of 99.8%.
Artificial Graphite Dominance: In the first half of 2024, it accounted for 83.3% of shipments, but prices dropped to 32,400 yuan/ton (a 40% year-on-year drop).
Growing Silicon-based Penetration: Silicon-based anode shipments made up 3.4% in 2023, expected to hit 25% by 2025, mainly in high-end EVs (e.g., Tesla's 4680 battery).
BETRAY's Indonesia 80,000-ton anode project is operational. CAS Electrical plans to invest 5 billion yuan in a 100,000-ton capacity in Morocco.
Overseas layouts face cost pressures (CVD silicon-carbon costs 45-50 USD/kWh) and technological barriers (porous carbon preparation, silane safety).
BETRAY uses lignin instead of petroleum coke, boosting carbon yield to 65%, keeping ash content below 200ppm, and cutting costs by 20%.
Rice-husk-derived hard carbon offers 350 mAh/g sodium storage capacity and great low-temperature performance (82% capacity retention at -40℃).
GEM's high-temperature activation regeneration technology restores graphite crystal structure to 95% and initial efficiency to 92.5%.
Wet-process purified silicon waste reaches 99.9% purity, 30% cheaper than virgin material.
PTG's Yibin factory achieves 100% green power supply. Waste heat from graphitization generates electricity with 82% energy efficiency, reducing 450,000 tons of CO₂ annually.
2025-2027: Silicon-based anode costs drop to 30 USD/kWh, and CVD equipment capacity exceeds 1,000 tons.
2030: Lithium metal anodes are applied on a large scale (energy density>600 Wh/kg), and AI cuts material R&D cycles to 3 months.
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